Police force that bungled Nicola Bulley case faces calls to change 'ingrained' culture after landmark review slams it for releasing intimate details, not declaring a critical incident and failing to cordon off scene

The police force that bungled the Nicola Bulley case was today accused of 'an ingrained culture' of 'victim blaming' after a review criticised officers for revealing intimate details about her. 

Lancashire Police faced a storm of criticism after revealing in February that the missing mother-of-two had been experiencing 'significant issues with alcohol' brought on by her struggle with the menopause.

Reacting to the report, Caroline Nokes - a senior Tory MP who chairs the Women and Equalities Committee - accused the force of 'victim blaming and shaming'. She told The Independent: 'It's such terrible double standards and it's driven by ingrained culture - it has to change.' 

For the first time, today's report reveals that Ms Bulley's family asked for the reference to menopause to be made public after officers advised them it was a necessary step to clamp down on misinformed speculation. 

However it concludes that the shock revelation – made as the baffling case made global headlines and sparked a string of conspiracy theories – was 'avoidable and unnecessary'.

The report also criticises police for failing to cordon off the riverside spot where Ms Bulley was last seen. And it concludes that a failure to declare a 'critical incident' in the early days meant specialist family liaison officers were not deployed until a week after Ms Bulley went missing.  

This in turn led to her family seeking 'media handling advice from various sources' as journalists reported on the search. It also saw the press office struggle to deal with the volume of enquiries they were receiving. 

Today's review – commissioned by the county's policing and crime commissioner in a bid to learn lessons from the three-week hunt for Ms Bulley's body – praises the investigation itself as 'exemplary', while it describes the search as 'well-conducted'.

But it reveals a string of errors and missed opportunities which contributed to the 'social media frenzy' which gripped the nation back in February. These include: 

• A failure to cordon off the riverside spot where Ms Bulley was last seen, which meant any forensic evidence – had her death not ultimately proved to be a tragic accident - would have been 'lost entirely';
• Confusion over whether private diving expert Peter Faulding had signed a non-disclosure agreement not to brief the media himself, enabling him to 'contradict' the message from police;
• An extraordinary row between Mr Faulding and police divers over what he later claimed had been a 'credible' find in the search for Ms Bulley's body which they failed to investigate properly, but which was found to be tree branches.

The review found that the relationship between the police and the mainstream media has 'cooled' and action needs to be taken on all sides to help rebuild trust.

It also concluded that the impact of social media on police investigations and public confidence is 'significant' and must be acknowledged.

Ms Bulley vanished after dropping her two daughters – aged six and nine - off at school in the Lancashire village of St Michael's-on-Wyre and walking spaniel Willow along a riverside path on January 27, sparking a massive search.

With no sign of her body, amateur sleuths took to social media and even began harassing villagers as they spread outlandish theories.

Her body was finally found in the water more than three weeks after she went missing, and just over a mile downstream.

An inquest in June concluded that the 45-year-old had drowned after accidentally slipping into an icy river.

Returning a conclusion of accidental death, senior coroner for Lancashire Dr James Adeley ruled out the possibility of suicide or third party involvement.

He said there was 'no evidence' which enabled him to say exactly why she ended up in the water, which was so cold that she would have lost consciousness within seconds.

The review into the investigation was commissioned by Andrew Snowden, Lancashire's Police and Crime Commissioner, and carried out by the College of Policing.

It looked at the operational response, communication with the media, public and family, and decisions on disclosing sensitive personal information.

Launching the report today, Mr Snowden said it contained 'a significant amount of best practice and recommendations' for police forces dealing with high-profile cases.

'First and foremost I hope today's report reassures Nicola's family that Lancashire Constabulary carried out a professional and extensive investigation, and despite important learnings highlighted in the report, none of these actions would have changed the outcome of this tragic case,' the Conservative politician said.

'Whilst the investigation into Nicola's disappearance was found to be well handled and resourced, the media narrative was lost at an early stage, which had a detrimental impact on Nicola's family and friends, and also the confidence of the wider community.'

Chief Constable Andy Marsh, CEO of the College of Policing, said: 'The purpose of the review was not to attribute blame but identify areas of learning for the constabulary and wider policing.

'The decision to not call the investigation a critical incident, despite it meeting the national definition, set the tone within the Constabulary, and led to several challenges.

'The most notable of these was the way the constabulary released personal information about Nicola which was avoidable and unnecessary.

'While we have not shied away from criticism there are also many areas of Lancashire Constabulary's response that should be commended including an exemplary investigation and a well conducted search.

'At the heart of the investigation was Nicola.

'I am left in no doubt that she and her family were foremost in the minds of officers and staff throughout the search.'

The 143-page report praises police for immediately classifying Ms Bulley as a 'high risk' missing person after her partner, Paul Ansell, 44, reported her missing.

He raised the alarm just after 11am after staff from his children's school rang him to say the mortgage adviser's phone had been found on a bench near the river with their dog running loose nearby earlier that morning.

According to the report, the search which was immediately launched was 'comprehensive and effectively mobilised'.

From early in the case, the police 'working hypothesis' was that Ms Bulley had fallen into the river.

The review states that while this ultimately proved correct, the potential that 'criminal activity' is involved should always be considered.

Highlighting the 'golden hour' after police are called in, the review concludes that 'the scene should have been cordoned off and subject to forensic examination at an early stage'.

'In doing so, additional benefits would have been realised, such as controlling who entered the scene and helping the search efforts,' it adds.

It accepts that the 'challenges' of searching a river which was tidal downstream from the village explain why it took so long to find Ms Bulley's body.

Dr Iain Raphael, who led the review, said: 'A professional, trusted, and appropriate working relationship between the police and the media is vital for public confidence.

'The report makes clear that without this speculation can run unchecked and result in an extraordinary explosion of media and public interest in the case.

'Policing must also recognise the impact social media now has.

'Ultimately, police should seek to be the first with the truth and ensure the public has access to accurate and authoritative information when it is most needed.'

In response, Lancashire Deputy Chief Constable Sacha Hatchett welcomed the review and promised that 'areas of learning' would be addressed.

'When Nikki went missing, all the evidence pointed to the fact that she had somehow fallen into the river,' she said.

'Whilst the media reporting and social media commentary pointed to other possibilities, the investigation remained focused but always open-minded.

'The investigation team's hypothesis was proven to be right when Nikki was found.

'This was an incredibly tragic case that attracted a huge media and social media interest, placing our policing response and the Bulley family in the spotlight.

'That media demand was at times overwhelming, and with the benefit of hindsight, there are undoubtedly things we would do differently in the future. Indeed, we have already started to do so.'

In relation to how officers and staff responded to the media interest, she said many forces would have been 'overwhelmed' by such massive interest.

But she accepted that seeking outside help should have been considered 'more thoroughly'.

'Everything we did during the investigation and search for Nikki was in the hope we could find her alive and well, and to bring her home to her family, who remained at the heart of everything we did,' she added.

'Sadly, that was not the outcome, and our thoughts are with them as they continue to grieve.'

Ms Bulley's family did not participate in the review and have so far not commented on its findings.

Dawn Alford, Executive Director of the Society said today: 'The College of Policing's review rightly recognises that urgent action is needed to re-set and rebuild the relationship between the police and the media which, for too long, has been mired by wrongful perceptions and mistrust.

'As was evident during the investigation into Ms Bulley's disappearance, the rise of social media now means that, unlike content published by regulated news platforms, misinformation and conspiracy theories have the power to spread like wildfire and, as such, the College of Policing must ensure that national guidelines take into account the impact of social media on policing and investigations. 

'This includes a recognition that, where there is a vacuum of information, this can be filled by social media speculation and conspiracy theories.

'Following today's publication, the College should now look to review its national guidance on police and media relations and include a requirement for all forces to routinely consider giving background briefings to accredited journalists during high-profile and fast-moving investigations. 

'Such briefings can be hugely beneficial in not only assisting the police in communicating information to the public but also allow newsrooms to make informed decisions on how best to frame coverage as well as countering false information that may be circulating elsewhere.

'A successful working relationship between police forces and journalists remains essential to policing legitimacy and, in order to restore public confidence, the College must now work with the industry to usher in a new era of communication and co-operation which promotes an assumption of trust between officers and journalists as well as more trusted dialogue. 

'The Society will now look to meet with policing bodies to discuss the review's findings in more detail and explore how we might work together to re-set this important relationship.'

Diving expert Peter Faulding claims he found missing Nicola Bulley's body 'after just six minutes' of searching the river but was told it was 'nothing' as he hits back at police accusations levelled at him in report 

Search expert Peter Faulding today doubled down on claims he found Nicola Bulley's body 'after just six minutes' of looking only to be told by police it was 'nothing' - as he hit back against criticism of him in an official report. 

The College of Policing report said Lancashire Police felt some of Mr Faulding's behaviour and activities 'caused challenges to the investigation' and the family. He is no longer on the list of the National Crime Agency’s independent advisers, the College's CEO, Andy Marsh, told a press conference today. 

A key disagreement between the underwater search specialist and police concerns whether he found Ms Bulley's body on February 7 - a full 12 days before it was eventually located by a member of the public. 

Mr Faulding told the review team his sonar imaging had produced a 'credible find' in the river on February 7 and accused police of lacking 'professional interest'. But police divers said they examined the 'find' and discovered it was merely 'tree branches'. 

Today, Mr Faulding - who was asked to help in the search by a friend of Ms Bulley's family - insisted he had proof that he had really found her body and complained of not being given the chance to share it at her inquest. 

Describing the morning of February 7, he said: 'My team and I commenced the search at 10.28am and 6 minutes later, at 10.34am, I identified a significant target that appeared, from my experience, to take human form. 

'This target was approximately 75 metres downstream from the bench, just south of the island in the river. At 10.53am, I notified the Lancashire Police Search Adviser of my findings by telephone. I also sent an image of the target on WhatsApp and requested that we put our SGI divers in the water immediately to check the area. 

'My request to dive the target was refused and I was told that the North West Underwater Search Unit (NWUSU) would conduct the dive that afternoon. Later, the NWUSU advised us that the target was found to be ''nothing''.'

Mr Faulding said he concluded that 'maybe I was wrong', leading to him later telling the media he did not think Ms Bulley's body was in the river. But he claims to have later changed his mind following a review of the evidence he had collected. 

'I revisited, analysed and enhanced every sonar file recorded during my two-day search and particularly from February 7. It became clear when enhancing the images with the sonar software tools that the target which I had located was without a doubt Nicola,' he said. 

'I had in fact found Nicola at 10.34am on 7th February 2023 after just 6 minutes of searching. I would have presented my findings and evidence at the Coroner's Inquest, however, I was not invited to it.'

Mr Faulding was asked to help by a friend of Ms Bulley's family after giving interviews on February 5 branding the police investigation to date as a 'mess' and saying he was confident her body was not in the river.

His claim to have found Ms Bulley's body on February 7 has been rejected by police divers. 

The review team said police divers – who under the agreement with SGI would recover any suspected human remains – had examined the so-called 'find' which had turned out to be 'tree branches underwater'.

The diver in question told the review they were '100% sure that there was no body in that part of the water at that time'.

'It is not very often I dive in such an unobstructed body of water with such a flat bottom and with visibility,' they added.

Independent experts who later examined the sonar imagery of the 'find' concluded there was 'a low probability of confidence for human remains', according to the report.

When he first offered to help police, Mr Faulding claimed his £55,000 high-frequency sonar device – towed beside an inflatable dinghy – was able to provide a 'crystal clear' image of the entire riverbed and rule out the police working hypothesis.

The report reveals the national search lead rejected Mr Faulding's claim that his firm SGI had more sensitive sonar equipment than police divers could deploy.

But it states that after being warned that the family friend would make 'negative' comments to the media if his offer to help free of charge was turned down, Lancashire Police decided that to do so would 'undermine public trust and confidence'.

However in an email, the police search lead told Mr Faulding: 'I cannot stress the need for discretion enough due to the massive news coverage this enquiry has and continues to attract.'

According to the report, as his team began searching the river on February 6, Mr Faulding agreed that he would only give updates to police so these could be passed to the family.

To back that up, the report says a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) was drawn up and signed by Mr Faulding.

Under its terms, he promised 'under no circumstances will I discuss any aspect of this case with any person other than the investigation team.'

Crucially, however, he was not given a copy, and SGI told the review team he was unaware of agreeing to such a requirement.

'Peter did not sign an NDA, either before or on the day, he was asked to sign a piece of paper which he was not provided a copy of,' SGI told the review.

'As we recall, it set out SGI's responsibilities insofar as Risk assessment, H&S [health and safety] issues etc, this missive was not set out as a 'NDA'.'

In reality, the document contained eight points relating to confidentiality – and none addressing risk or health and safety, according to the report.

'It would appear that Mr Faulding was not provided with a copy, which seems to be an omission, given the nature of the incident,' it drily concludes.

In the following two days, Mr Faulding gave a string of interviews from the riverbank setting out his growing confidence that Ms Bulley's body was not in the water – and questioning why the police weren't focusing on alternative explanations.

According to the review, on February 7 a chief inspector gave Mr Faulding 'robust advice' about how the information he was giving the media was 'unhelpful to the investigation, the family and wider community'.

However SGI told the review that Mr Faulding had been 'ambushed' by the press and subsequently assumed that speaking to the media was his responsibility.

Extraordinarily, the report reveals that on February 8 Mr Faulding – who was brought in specifically to comb the river – was 'observed digging with a spade in woodland near the river', apparently believing he'd discovered a potential burial site.

That was despite his not having 'undertaken any forensic precautions to ensure the safe recovery of forensic evidence,' according to the review.

'When challenged at the time by the police, Mr Faulding stated that he believed this to be an area of recently disturbed earth, indicating a possible deposition site.'

He also informed Ms Bulley's family that 'he thought he had identified a body deposition site', the report says, which Lancashire Police said had resulted in 'unwarranted distress and false alarm'.

According to the report, the site had previously been 'eliminated' during the police search, with 'comprehensive' reasons given for why they considered it had not been recently disturbed.

The report reveals that Lancashire Police believed Mr Faulding had 'behaved insensitively towards the family at an extraordinarily difficult time', influencing their false belief that she hadn't fallen into the river and that 'a third party was involved'.

'The review team considers that some of his actions created a more challenging environment for the investigation team,' it concludes.

'His public statements often contradicted the investigative and operational approach, leading to confusion for the public and reducing the family's trust in the investigation and search operation.'