Tory moderates warn they will vote down any attempt to override human rights law in PM's bid to revive Rwanda migrant plan - as Home Secretary James Cleverly signs new treaty with the African country designed to get planes in the air in the Spring

Tory moderates tonight warned they will vote down any attempt to override human rights law as Rishi Sunak bids to revive the Rwanda migrant plan.

The One Nation group of Conservative MPs urged the Prime Minister to remain committed to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

The 106-strong caucus cautioned they would 'struggle to support' a 'full-fat deal' as Mr Sunak attempts to finally send asylum seekers to the African country.

Their intervention leaves the PM with a tricky balancing act between satisfying moderate Tories and his party's Right, who are pushing for Britain to leave the ECHR.

It came after Home Secretary James Cleverly today signed a new treaty with Rwanda in the nation's capital Kigali.

The treaty - along with planned emergency legislation at Westminster - will form the PM's twin-track approach to overcoming the latest legal block on the Rwanda plan.

In a devastating blow to Mr Sunak's pledge to 'stop the boats', the Supreme Court last month ruled the policy to send asylum seekers to east Africa was 'unlawful'.

As the new treaty with Rwanda was published this evening - and ahead of the new emergency laws being unveiled in the House of Commons - the One Nation group delivered a stern warning to the PM.

Their chair, ex-Cabinet minister Damian Green, said: 'The UK has for generations been a world-leader on human rights.

'We have set the standard on what a law-abiding, well-functioning democracy should look like.'

He added: 'That is why the One Nation caucus will be examining the new amendments to the Migration and Economic Development Partnership extremely carefully.

'The Government should think twice before overriding both the ECHR and HRA (Human Rights Act) and not rush such long term, difficult decisions.'

It has been claimed Mr Sunak is currently mulling different options for the emergency legislation, which have been dubbed 'semi-skimmed' and 'full-fat'.

The so-called 'full-fat' option would remove the right of judicial review and allow ministers to ignore the ECHR and other international treaties with regards to asylum.

But Stephen Hammond, another leading member of the One Nation group, said: 'Moderates and mainstream Conservative MPs may struggle to support a so-called full-fat deal'.

Fellow One Nation member Matt Warman added: 'Overriding the ECHR is a red line for a number of Conservatives.

'Protecting and reforming institutions and upholding human rights should be the cornerstone of any Conservative Government.

'That's why the Government should be cautious about using an approach which could potentially undermine the Conservatives' long-lasting legacy on human rights and indeed our own existing, highly-effective arrangements with Albania, France and other crucial partners.

'Stopping the boats is the right thing to do - a measured, reforming approach will be the most effective way to make it happen.'

Earlier today, Mr Cleverly signed off a new treaty with Rwanda following talks with the country's foreign affairs minister Vincent Biruta.

The original £140million scheme to send asylum seekers to the African country was struck almost 18 months ago but not a single deportee has yet left UK soil by air.

The plan was deemed illegal by the Supreme Court last month, which said that Rwanda was not a safe country as those flown there could be sent back to their country of origin - a process known as 'refoulement'.

Speaking after signing the agreement, Mr Cleverly said Rwanda had made a 'clear and unambiguous commitment to the safety' of those who would be flown there and there was no 'credible' reason to block the flights with it in place.

But he declined to guarantee the flights would start by next Spring.

Asked at a press conference in Kigali, Mr Cleverly said: 'We want to see this part of our wider migration plan up and running as quickly as possible.

'We feel very strongly this treaty addresses all of the issues of their lordships in the Supreme Court.'

The new deal is designed to remove the risk of refoulment, the Home Office said. It also broadens the role of the independent monitoring committee to include conditions for arrivals, the processing of claims and treatment and support they receive for up to five years after landing in Africa.

It will also set up a private complaints system and have 'unfettered access' to make reports on the situation.  

The new UK-Rwanda treaty will 'strengthen' the asylum processing system, Rwanda's foreign affairs minister Vincent Biruta said.

Speaking ahead of Mr Cleverly at a press conference in Kigali, Mr Biruta said this would happen 'by exchanging best practices and providing capacity building and expertise in the area of migration'.

He said: 'I want to reaffirm that the people relocated to Rwanda will be welcomed and that they will be provided both the safety and support they need to build new lives.

'Rwanda looks forward to further strengthening cooperation with the United Kingdom and to implementing this treaty.'

It came as Immigration Minister Robert Jenrick today accused Channel boat migrants of 'breaking into' Britain.

Mr Jenrick, who previously worked with ousted home secretary Suella Braverman, told Sky News: 'If you or I crossed an international border, or literally broke into another country, we would expect to be treated very seriously.'

He admitted it 'will take time' for new restrictions to have an effect on legal migration numbers as he insisted the Government is still committed to the Tory 2019 manifesto target.

Asked whether the goal to reduce overall numbers to below the 2019 net migration figure of around 219,000 would be met by the next election, the immigration minister told LBC Radio: 'The measures we're bringing forward now will take time to feed through in the system, but I want to see the manifesto commitment met.

'That's clearly why I have pushed for this set of measures.'

Mr Cleverly follows in the footsteps of predecessors Dame Priti Patel and Suella Braverman, who both made private visits to the site during their trips to Rwanda over the last 18 months.

After seeing a memorial garden and historical exhibits accompanied by centre staff, Mr Cleverly signed a visitor book with a message saying: 'Thank you for helping me see the pain you went through, but also the commitment to peace that you have chosen to make.

'We must never forget, but must learn, grow and work to a better future.'

The visit is part of a series of engagements Mr Cleverly is taking part in around the Rwandan capital on a one-day trip to the country.

It comes amid a separate clampdown on legal migration into the UK, which hit record levels at the end of last year. 

New rules have raised the visa salary threshold and will bar more foreign workers from bringing their partners and children with them.

Writing in The Sun, the Prime Minister said there is 'far too much abuse of our system' which is 'not fair on the honest, hard-working British people'.

He wrote: 'There are just too many people migrating to the UK. So we've launched a new plan to cut migration, with a simple message.

'If you can't contribute to the UK, you are not coming to the UK.'

Mr Sunak has said he is determined to get removals flights under way by the Spring despite the court's rejection of the scheme.

He aims to overcome judicial objections with the treaty and new measures which will be set out in emergency legislation.

The number of small boat migrants who have reached Britain so far this year has topped 29,000 – eclipsing the figure for the whole of 2021.

More than 1,000 arrived across the Channel in the five days to Sunday, bringing the running total since the start of the year to 29,090. By comparison, the whole of 2021 saw 28,526 migrants arrive. However, this year's figure is still down by a third on last year's record number of 45,755.

In a ruling last month, judges said the scheme was unlawful on the grounds there was a risk that asylum seekers could be sent from Rwanda to a country where they may be put at risk.

In a further move to reassure judges about the scheme, British Government lawyers could be stationed in Rwandan courts to bolster the country's asylum system and the appeals mechanism.

Culture Secretary Lucy Frazer said the Home Office was looking 'very carefully' at the idea of sending lawyers to Rwanda to address concerns about the legal system there. 'Discussions around beefing up their legal expertise, their legal capacity, have certainly been part of the talks,' a Whitehall source told the Daily Telegraph.

Once the treaty is signed, ministers are expected to unveil emergency legislation setting out further moves to allow removals flights to finally take off.

It is understood there has been no decision on whether the new Bill will take the 'full-fat' option and withdraw parts of UK immigration law from the European Convention on Human Rights and other treaties. Alternatively, the measures could simply state Rwanda is a safe country – in a bid to counteract the Supreme Court ruling.

Downing Street yesterday denied reports that Rwanda is set to be paid an extra £15million for the scheme. The Prime Minister's official spokesman said: 'Certainly I don't recognise that figure of £15million, there's been no request for additional funding for the treaty made by Rwanda, or not offered by the UK Government.'

Mr Cleverly told the Commons last night: 'Immigration policy must be fair, legal, and sustainable. That's why we are also taking the fight to illegal immigration.

'Our plan to stop the boats is working. Small boat arrivals are down by a third, even as illegal migration across Europe is on the rise.'

29,000 migrants have reached the UK via the Channel this year as figures show proportion of Albanians crossing in small boats has fallen while one in nine arriving are Turkish

More than 29,000 migrants have crossed the Channel by small boat so far this year, the second highest annual figure on record, Rory Tingle writes.

A total of 29,090 people have made the perilous journey in 585 dinghies - an average of 50 people crammed into each vessel.

Today's figures show Turkish nationals now account for more than one in 10 arrivals, while Albanians represent three per cent compared to nearly a third last year. 

Afghans account for the single largest group of arrivals from January 1 to November 29, 2023 - 20% of the total - the same proportion as for the whole of 2022. The next largest group is Iranians on 12%, down slightly from 13% last year.

The figures emerged today as James Cleverly signed a new treaty with Rwanda in a bid to revive a scheme to deport Channel migrants to the East African country. 

The Home Secretary plans to get emergency legislation into the Commons within days in the hope of beginning deportation flights in the spring. 

Last year saw a record 45,755 asylum seekers arrive in the UK by small boat - 60 per cent higher than 2021 when 28,526 people made the perilous journey and the highest figure since statistics started to be collected in 2018.  

The first three days of December saw 730 migrants cross the Channel, with 519 of those people arriving on Saturday alone.

The same day, the French coastguard rescued several migrant boats in difficulty in the 21-mile Strait.

Assistance and rescue tug Abeille Normandie picked up 65 people from a dinghy in the early hours of the morning.

The same vessel then rescued a further 28 people from a second migrant boat.

The rest of the people on board 'refused the assistance' offered by the French coastguard, according to the Maritime Prefect. 

A decision was made to let them carry on with their journey, as it was deemed too risky to intervene. All of the rescued asylum seekers were dropped off at the quay of Boulogne-sur-Mer.

Later that morning, the French Navy vessel Borda recovered eight people from a migrant boat off the coast of Steps and dropped them off at the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer. 

The remaining people on board refused help and continued with their journey.

Around the same time, rescue ship Esvagt Charlie picked up a further 58 people from another boat and dropped them off at the port of Calais, and state-chartered vessel Apollo Moon rescued 31 migrants and dropped them off at the quay of Boulogne-sur-Mer.

The stranded people were taken care of by the land rescue services and the border police.

In total, 190 people were rescued by French means overnight and into the day of December 2.

Later that night, the CROSS rescue centre in Cap Gris-Nez was informed that a migrant boat was in difficulty off the coast of Neufchâtel-Hardelot.

The French Navy patrol boat Flamant picked up 28 people and dropped them at the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer, where they were taken care of by the land rescue services and the Border Police.

On Sunday, a further 118 migrants were escorted into Dover, Kent after two dinghies were intercepted at sea by Border Force officials.

The mix of nationalities of people arriving on small boats across the English Channel has varied from year to year. 

Albanians represent 3% of this year's figure, compared with 28% last year, according to provisional data. But the proportion who are Turkish has jumped from 2% in 2022 to 11% so far this year. 

In 2018 and 2019, when comparatively few crossings were recorded, most arrivals were Iranian nationals (80% and 66% respectively).

A change came in 2020, with Iranians still the leading nationality but accounting for 28% of arrivals, followed by Iraqis (19%), Sudanese (11%) and Syrians (9%).

Iranians and Iraqis together accounted for more than half of arrivals in 2021 (30% and 22% respectively), with a mix of countries once again making up the rest.

There was another change in 2022: Iranian and Iraqi nationals dropped to 13% and 10% respectively, with Albanian (28%) and Afghan (20%) the leading nationalities.

The data for 2023 so far suggests a new trend is emerging, with a sharp drop in Albanian arrivals and a jump in the proportion who are from Turkey.

All figures are based on the total number of arrivals where nationality has been recorded by the Home Office.

Following the spike in summer 2022 in the number of Albanian nationals arriving in the UK on small boats, the governments of both countries struck an agreement to work together to prevent people from making the journey.

This included placing UK border force staff in Tirana airport in the capital of Albania, the exchange of senior police officers, and the creation of a joint migration task force. 

The cumulative number of small boat arrivals this year currently stands at 29,090, down 34% on the total at the same point last year.

The Rwanda scheme has been the government's flagship policy for curbing illegal migration. 

But the original £140million scheme was signed almost 18 months ago and not a single deportee has yet left UK soil by air.

It was deemed illegal by the Supreme Court last month, which said that Rwanda was not a safe country as those flown there could be sent back to their country of origin - a process known as 'refoulment'.

Speaking after signing a new agreement today, Mr Cleverly said Rwanda had made a 'clear and unambiguous commitment to the safety' of those who would be flown there and there was no 'credible' reason to block the flights with it in place.

But he declined to guarantee the flights would start by next spring.

sked at the press conference in Kigali, Mr Cleverly said: 'We want to see this part of our wider migration plan up and running as quickly as possible.

'We feel very strongly this treaty addresses all of the issues of their lordships in the Supreme Court.'

The new deal is designed to remove the risk of refoulment, the Home Office said. It also broadens the role of the independent monitoring committee to include conditions for arrivals, the processing of claims and treatment and support they receive for up to five years after landing in Africa.

It will also set up a private complaints system and have 'unfettered access' to make reports on the situation.

The new UK-Rwanda treaty will 'strengthen' the asylum processing system, Rwanda's foreign affairs minister Vincent Biruta said.

Speaking ahead of Foreign Secretary James Cleverly at a press conference in Kigali, Mr Biruta said this would happen 'by exchanging best practices and providing capacity building and expertise in the area of migration'.

He said: 'I want to reaffirm that the people relocated to Rwanda will be welcomed and that they will be provided both the safety and support they need to build new lives.

'Rwanda looks forward to further strengthening cooperation with the United Kingdom and to implementing this treaty.'

It came as Immigration Minister Robert Jenrick today accused Channel boat migrants of 'breaking into' Britain.

Mr Jenrick, who previously worked with ousted home secretary Suella Braverman, told Sky News: 'If you or I crossed an international border, or literally broke into another country, we would expect to be treated very seriously.'

He admitted it 'will take time' for new restrictions to have an effect on legal migration numbers as he insisted the Government is still committed to the Tory 2019 manifesto target.

Asked whether the goal to reduce overall numbers to below the 2019 net migration figure of around 219,000 would be met by the next election, the immigration minister told LBC Radio: 'The measures we're bringing forward now will take time to feed through in the system, but I want to see the manifesto commitment met.

'That's clearly why I have pushed for this set of measures.'

Mr Cleverly follows in the footsteps of predecessors Dame Priti Patel and Suella Braverman, who both made private visits to the site during their trips to Rwanda over the last 18 months.