General Electric - the icon of American engineering and the biggest company in the world two decades ago - is no more as it as it splits into three companies

General Electric - the company which formed in 1889 and then mirrored the growth of America from the age of steam to electricity to aviataion and beyond -  is no more.

The US conglomerate, co-founded by Thomas Edison, is opening a new chapter in its history on Tuesday: its break-up into three independent entities which will then concentrate on their disparate core businesses.

The group announced its 'spin-off' project in November 2021, which was to be carried out in several stages.

An initial split took place in January 2023 with the creation of GE HealthCare, bringing together all the health care activities.

The official finalization of the separation comes Tuesday, with General Electric disappearing in favor of GE Vernova, dealing with energy activities, and GE Aerospace, the new name of the late GE.

They will be listed in New York, one on Nasdaq and two on the NYSE.

There will be no holding company, and the three firms will publish their results independently of one another.

GE had a market cap that almost hit $600 billion in 2000 - but was valued at $191 billion as of yesterday's close. 

'As independently run companies, the businesses will be better positioned to deliver long-term growth and create value for customers, investors and employees,' General Electric explained in 2021 when it announced the demerger.

Among the 'many reasons' for the spin-offs were a desire to simplify the company by getting rid of non-core activities and improving performance by withdrawing from low-growth or low-profitability sectors, Neil Saunders of GlobalData told AFP.

'Within this there is usually always a value play that either bolsters the share price or creates more value for investors and owners,' he said.

'Managing multiple divisions across disparate areas is harder for a board of directors,' he continued, adding: 'It is also harder in terms of communicating vision and strategy to investors.'

How other big companies have split up in recent years

The conglomerate 3M - which manufactures scotch tape and post-it notes, among other things - has also taken the route of General Electric's demerger: In July 2022, it announced the separation of its health-related activities.

The new company, named Solventum, began trading on the NYSE on Monday.

'This is an important day for 3M and Solventum,' 3M chief executive Mike Roman said in a statement.

'Both companies are positioned to pursue their respective growth and tailored capital allocation plans,' he added.

Like GE, which distributed all the shares in GE Vernova to the conglomerate's shareholders, 3M distributed all the shares in the new company to its shareholders.

Both firms gave one share in the 'child company' for every four shares held in the 'parent company.'

However, the parent company can still retain a stake, usually with the intention of monetizing it at a later date.

This is what General Electric did with GE HealthCare, in which it retained a 19.9 percent stake.

However, its spinoff GE Aerospace now holds just 6.7 percent of the company, according to a spokeswoman for the group.

'It won´t be GE Aerospace's intent to hold this in perpetuity,' she told AFP.

According to McKinsey, an ancillary business that has become independent can develop further by doing business with companies that are competitors of its former 'parent company.'

Other big names on Wall Street have also chosen in recent years to spin off certain activities.

For example, the giant Johnson & Johnson has retained its business-to-business activities and created the listed Kenvue for its consumer products.

And in June 2021, the breakfast behemoth Kellogg announced its intention to split into three companies, but in the end opted for just two: WK Kellogg for cereals, and Kellanova for snacks, which came into being in October 2023.

'Kellogg's is a good case in point with the company splitting off its low-growth cereals business from the very fast-growing snacks business,' said Saunders from GlobalData. 'But it's not without its disadvantages.'

These include the loss of economies of scale resulting from the sharing of certain structural functions like accounting and human resources, or a size effect, as is the case in health insurance.

According to CNBC, some thirty-six spin-offs are planned worldwide by 2024.

On March 19, British hygiene and food giant Unilever announced its intention to spin off its ice cream businesses - including Ben & Jerry's and Magnum - following disappointing sales in 2023.

'A demerger of Ice Cream is the most likely separation route,' the company said at the time, adding it was seeking above all to 'maximize returns for shareholders.'

In Unilever's case, the aim is simplification, Neil Saunders said, because ice cream operates on 'a very different operating model' from Unilever's other products.